Automotive car Cylinder head

Cylinder head :

• Automotive Cylinder head design 
• Automotive Desel combustion chambers
• Automotive Intake & exhaust passages 
• Automotive Gaskets 
• Automotive Gaskets and oil seals 
• Automotive Head gaskets
• Automotive Turbulence

Automotive services Cylinder head

The cylinder head bolts onto the top of the cylinder block where it forms the top of the combustion chamber.
In-line engines of light vehicles have just one cylinder head for all the cylinders. Larger in-line engines can have 2 or more.
V-type and horizontally-opposed engines have a separate cylinder head for each bank of cylinders.
Just as with engine blocks, cylinder heads can be made of cast iron, or aluminium alloy.
A head made of aluminium alloy is lighter than if it were made of cast iron. Aluminium also conducts heat away more quickly than iron. So with an aluminium-alloy head, the heat of combustion can be conducted away into the coolant more quickly.

Services Automotive Cylinder Block

Automotive services Cylinder blocks:

•    Automotive services Cylinder block
•    Automotive services Cylinder block construction
•    Automotive services Engine blocks & pistons
•    Automotive services Cylinder sleeves
•    Automotive services Grey iron

Automotive services Cylinder block

The services automotive cylinder block is the largest part of the engine. Its upper section carries the cylinders and pistons. Normally, the lower section forms the crankcase, and supports the crankshaft.
It can be cast in one piece from grey iron.
Or it can be alloyed with other metals like nickel or chromium.
The iron casting process begins by making up the shapes of what will become waterjackets and cylinders as sand cores which are fitted into moulds. This stops these parts becoming solid iron during casting.
Molten iron is poured into sand moulds that are formed by patterns in the shape of the block.
After casting, core sand is removed through holes in the sides and ends, leaving spaces for the cooling and lubricant passages. These holes are sealed with core or welsh plugs. The casting is then machined. Cylinders are bored and finished, surfaces smoothed, holes drilled and threads cut.
All cylinder blocks are made with ribs, webs and fillets to provide rigidity but also keep weight to a minimum.

Engine Components : Engines procedures >Replacing an engine drive belt

Replacing an engine drive belt

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Remove and replace an engine accessory drive belt.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Engine Components : Engines procedures >Inspecting & adjusting an engine drive belt

Inspecting & adjusting an engine drive belt

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Inspect and manually adjust engine accessory drive belts.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Engine Components : Engines procedures >Removing & replacing a cam belt

Removing & replacing a cam belt

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Safely remove and replace a cam belt.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Engine Components : Engines procedures > Obtaining & interpreting scan tool data

Obtaining & interpreting scan tool data

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Retrieve, record and clear stored OBD I & II diagnostic trouble codes using a scan tool.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Engine Components : Engines procedures > Checking idle speed

Checking idle speed

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Check and compare engine idle speed with the manufacturer's specifications.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Engine Components : Engines procedures >Compression Test

Testing cylinder compression

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Safely perform a cylinder compression test.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Engine Components : Crankshaft assemblies

 Crankshaft assemblies:

• Crankshaft
• Engine bearings
•  Flywheel
•  Reciprocating action
• Crankshaft & bearings
•  Valve train overview

Crankshaft

The crankshaft is attached to the connecting rod in offset areas called throws - where the downward power pulses change into rotating motion.
Crankshafts must be strong enough to do this without bending or twisting. They are a one piece casting, or forging, of heat-treated alloy steel of great mechanical strength. Counterweights are formed to balance the throws, and also the big end of the connecting rod.
Fine balancing is done by drilling out or adding small weights.
The crankshaft rotates in the engine on journals which run in bearings called the main bearings.
The connecting rod with its big end bearings are attached to the crankshaft crank pins located on the throws.
Drilled passages carry lubricant under pressure from the main bearings to the adjacent big end bearings.
The rear of the crankshaft is drilled and tapped for flywheel attachment. Near the front of the crankshaft, a timing gear or sprocket is attached to drive the camshafts.
A drive pulley is mounted on front of the crankshaft. It drives many components including the alternator, the fan and water pump, and power steering.
Many in-line and V engines have a harmonic balancer attached to the crankshaft. The harmonic balancer is more correctly called the crankshaft torsional vibration damper. It prevents crankshaft vibration. In most cases the harmonic balancer incorporates the drive pulley.

Engine Components : Pistons ,Piston rings ,Connecting rod And Compression ratio

Pistons :

• Pistons
• Piston rings
• Connecting rod
• Compression ratio

Pistons

The piston, with its connecting rod and bearing, transfers the force of the combustion and expansion of the power stroke to the crankshaft.
The piston itself, its rings, and the piston or gudgeon pin are together called the piston assembly.
The cutaway shape on this piston allows it to clear the counterweights on this rotating crankshaft.
The shape of the piston crown depends on the shape of its combustion chamber, and its compression ratio.
In diesel engines, the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown, depending on the method of injection, so they use pistons with different shapes
The piston crown may be flat, concave, dome, or recessed.
The piston must stand up to great heat and pressure. It also must change direction from about 10 times a second to up to hundreds of times a second.
In most engines, the weight of the pistons is important for engine balance.
This is why pistons should only be replaced in matched sets.
Some pistons are forged, while others are cast aluminium alloys.
All pistons expand as they heat up. As there is more metal near the gudgeon pin, this area tends to expand the most.
To allow for this, many pistons are machined into a slightly oval shape. This is called cam grinding.
Then, as the piston heats up and expands, it becomes round.
Other methods to control expansion include steel struts or ribs, expansion slots in the skirt, or slots called heat dams that restrict movement of the heat.

Engine Components : Valves & valve trains

Valves & valve trains:

• Valves
•  Valve seats
•  Valve seats in cylinder heads
• Valve rotation
•  Valve stem oil seals
•  Intake valves
• Valve trains 
• Valve-timing diagram
•  Variable valve timing

Valves

Gasoline engines must control the flow of combustible mixture they take in, and when it goes in.
In small 2-stroke gasoline engines, this is done by ports that are opened and closed by the piston skirt during the engine cycle, or by pressure-operated reed valves.
Diesel engines are different. Their power and speeds are controlled by the amount of fuel injected, so it isn’t necessary to control airflow into the intake manifold.
Almost all 4-stroke gasoline and diesel engines use valves, which are located in the cylinder head. This is also true for 2-stroke diesel engines that are used in road vehicles.
Valves experience enormous stress even in normal conditions. In a 4-cylinder car driven at around 90 kph, each valve opens and closes about 30 times a second. Exhaust valves withstand huge temperatures and they can become red-hot.