Christmas Car Decorations Design

Christmas Car Decorations Design

Posted by admin On December - 12 - 2010

These are some Christmas decorations car design. Some tips:
Place all the gifts in the car or on the top. Garland the vehicle with lamps on the inside or out side of the car, paint the car with Christmas colors, like red and white. Give Santa accessories in the interior or exterior of the car like white Santa beard or red Santa hat. Give a big ribbon outside the car as a gift.  give a antlers and nose on the exterior of the car like Santa deer. Maybe this tips can help you to find the best decorations design for Chrismas car and create your own.
More picture.

Car manufacturers say China's demand growth will exceed the end of tax exemptions

SHANGHAI (Bloomberg) - General Motors Co., Geely Automobile Holdings Ltd. and BYD Co. said the growing demand for automobiles in China outweigh the impact of the end of the fiscal incentives that boosted sales.

Geely and BYD, said today that new models and other government measures to support auto sales offset a higher sales tax announced by the government yesterday. Kevin Wale, president of GM China, said last week the nation's economic growth and a growing group of new car buyers will help increase deliveries in 2011.

What's new in automotive supply chains? Although technology is an enabler, better business practices are resulting in better supply chains these days. Here's a look

When asked "What is new in the automotive supply chain," the Supply Chain Council Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA) and the automotive industry Action Group (AIAG, Southfield, MI) has much to tell. There was talk of management, restructuring strategy issues, and the other spoke of technology standards. Both responses are a good omen for the future, as these are indicative of the incremental improvements in the management of the automobile supply chain (SCM).

Best New Cars for 2011

If you’re looking to make a splash with your next car, consider an all-new 2011 model. Many of the most exciting 2011s are already on dealer lots or readily available for pre-order. Since these are brand new or redesigned from the ground up, chances are most people have never seen them before. Plus, manufacturers are already offering incentives on most of these models to get the buzz going and get people into showrooms.

Buy one of these cool 2011 cars and you’re sure to get a great car at a great deal -- not to mention a few jealous stares next time you’re cruising down the highway.

2011 Ford Fiesta

2011 Ford Fiesta

Starting Price: $13,320 Available for pre-order (on sale in summer 2010)

One of the most anticipated cars for 2011 is the Ford Fiesta, which has been on sale in Europe since 2008. Now North America is finally getting a version of this popular small car – and early test drives show it doesn't disappoint. In fact, at press time, the Fiesta is already ranked at the top of our Affordable Small Car class and gets our highest Overall score ever (9.6 out of 10).

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : STREET CAR OF THE YEAR

There's a certain allure to driving a car that has been fixed up or modified from its showroom form on the street. There's a certain bad-boy charm to it that everyone is attracted to. It can be borderline rebellious or, in some instances, straight up "sticking it to the man." These street machines are also reflections of their respective owners' vision, creativity and personality.
So, It's time again. The time to choose your favorite street car of the year. Vote on!
Above: Kyle Bennett's 1500WHP Gallardo

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : RETRO CAR OF THE YEAR

When shopping for an air freshener, there's always the option of the "new car" smell. That combined smell of fresh rubber, leather, cloth, vinyl, and glue is somehow appealing. But the air freshener that can't be found is the "old car" smell. It's a smell that can't be bottled or produced. The combination of worn in fabrics, leather, gasoline, and carburetors brings back nostalgic and intangible feelings.
It's that time to vote for the retro car of the year. So put on your most nostalgic boots and vote away!

BUILDS>> RTR-X PROGRESS : PART TEN

I know it's been a while since I last updated everyone on the progress of the RTR-X and I would love to blame it on a long vacation in the Carribean, but unfortunately that's not the case! ;) Sad truth is I finally am just getting my head above water from the insanity and aftermath of winning the Formula Drift Championship and SEMA fun, amongst many other fun things going on. It has been flattering getting messages and emails with interest to see more updates. The love for the RTR-X that has been received both virtually and in-person are beyond all expectation.

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : READER CAR OF THE YEAR

Now for the most time-consuming, but also one of the funnest categories of the 2010 Speedhunters Awards - Reader Car of the Year. We've included both the submissions you guys sent in last week, as well as some of the best cars from our Readers Rides posts of 2010.
You guys submitted some truly awesome machines, and it was incredibly hard for us to narrow down the group to the cars you'll find below. For your reference, I've included a very quick summary of the modifications done to each car for last week's submissions.
Again, this should be a very close vote, so please take your time and choose the one car that appeals to you.
Here are the nominees -

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : CONCEPT CAR OF THE YEAR

A new award this year. Time for you to vote for your favorite Concept Car of 2010.
Concept cars are often misunderstood. At one end of the spectrum, they can be as extreme as the 780hp Gas Turbine powered Jaguar C-X75, while at the opposite end, we have the near production ready Volkswagen Coupe Concept, which previews the new Jetta Coupe.
Concept cars are produced for many reasons. To preview new styling direction and design language, for marketing to get a handle on a niche car or class, to showcase technology. They are also quick to produce and don’t always need to be a running vehicle.
Regardless of the reason, they are examples of forward thinking by car companies ,which, in turn will influence the cars you see on the street in a year, five years or even ten years time.
So, it is your turn to vote. I know quite a few vehicle design studios and designers visit Speedhunters regularly, so here is your chance to have an input!

2011 Mercedes-Benz CLS Generation

The second generation Mercedes-Benz CLS four-door coupe is ready to be marketed in Europe in January 2011. Coupe CLS four-door has got a touch of the new design, sport chassis settings, consistent use of lightweight materials and the use of a more powerful engine and do not forget about fuel efficiency.
CLS in order to remain superior to compete with competitors, the Mercedes-Benz presents five interior color choices to consumers, five trim variants and three types of skin. The first time there will be offered two six-cylinder engine choices: CLS 350 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY that presents power 265 hp, and CLS 350 BlueEFFICIENCY powered 306 hp already have the ECO start / stop. Two months later there will be a choice CLS 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY powered 204 hp and diesel fuel consumption presents 19.6 MPA.
For those who want a V8-engined CLS 500 BlueEFFICIENCY with 408 hp power support can be ordered in December 2010 was, as for delivery from April 2011. Completion of the machine gives 25% fuel efficiency rate of the predecessor. Exciting news that the transmission 7G-TRONIC PLUS will become standard equipment all CLS models.

CAR FEATURE : INSIDE THE TEAM NFS Z4

Race cars are, by very definition, built solely for performance. Race cars are creations with no compromise, no creature comforts. Their unwavering focus is on shaving every thousandth of a second.

Brakes procedures

• Checking & adjusting brake fluid
• Replacing brake fluid
• Checking brake pads
• Replacing brake pads
• Removing & replacing a rotor
•  Checking wheel cylinders
• Replacing brake linings 
• Adjusting a park brake cable

Checking & adjusting brake fluid

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Check and adjust brake fluid level.

Safety check

• Never use any petroleum or mineral based products, such as gasoline, kerosene etc, to clean a braking system or its components. They are not compatible and will result in a failure of the braking system and its components. This may result in injury to the passengers or damage to the vehicle.
• Make sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure of what these are, ask your supervisor.

Antilock braking system & components

• ABS brake system
   Antilock braking system operation
• Principles of ABS braking
• ABS master cylinder
• Hydraulic control unit
• Wheel speed sensors 
• ABS electronic control unit

ABS brake system

ABS brakes

The antilock braking system is designed to prevent wheels locking or skidding, no matter how hard brakes are applied, or how slippery the road surface.

The primary components of the ABS braking system are:

• Electronic control unit (ECU)
• Hydraulic control unit or modulator
• Power booster & master cylinder assembly
• Wheel sensor unit

Disc brakes & components

• Disc brake system
• Disc brake operation
• Disc brake rotors
• Disc brake pads
• Disc brake calipers
• Proportioning valves
• Proportioning valve operation

Disc brake system

Modern passenger vehicles are usually equipped with disc brakes on at least two wheels.
The primary components of the disc brakes are:

• Rotor
• Caliper
• Brake pads

The rotor is the main rotating part of this brake system. It is hard wearing and resists the high temperatures that occur during braking. Its manufacturer will specify the minimum thickness for the rotor. Rotors can be of a solid construction or slotted. The slotted rotor is referred to as a "ventilated disc".

Drum brakes & components

• Drum brake system
• Drum brake system
• Brake linings & shoes
• Backing plate 
• Wheel cylinders

Drum brake system

Drum brakes are still found on older vehicles, and on cars with a combination of both disc and drum brakes.
The main components of the drum brake system are:

Braking system components

• Park brake system
• Brake pedal
• Brake lines
• Brake fluid
• Bleeding
• Master cylinder 
• Divided systems
• Tandem master cylinder
• Power booster or brake unit
• Hydraulic brake booster
• Electrohydraulic braking (EHB)
• Applying brakes 
• Brake force
• Brake light switch

Park brake system

Park brakes

All vehicles must have at least two independent systems.

The primary components of the park brake system are:

Braking systems

• Brake type - principles
• Brake types
• Air brakes
• Exhaust brakes
• Electric brakes
• Parking brakes
• Engine brakes

Brake type - principles

Drum Brake

Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes, expanding against the inside of the drum.

A drum brake is a brake in which the friction is caused by a set of shoes or pads that press against the inner surface of a rotating drum. The drum is connected to a rotating wheel.

Disc Brake

With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub maybe clamped between 2 brake pads.

On light vehicles, both of these systems are hydraulically operated. The brake pedal operates a master cylinder. Hydraulic lines and hoses connect the master cylinder to brake cylinders at the wheels.

Most modern light vehicles have either disc brakes on the front wheels and drum brakes on the rear, or, disc brakes on all 4 wheels.

Disc brakes require greater forces to operate them. A brake booster assists the driver by increasing the force applied to the master cylinder, when the brake is operated.

Antilock Braking System (ABS)

An anti-lock braking system (commonly known as ABS, from the German name "Antiblockiersystem" given to it by its inventors at Bosch) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. The purpose of this is twofold:

Braking Systems : Braking fundamentals

• Drum & disc brakes
• Coefficient of friction
• Lever/mechanical advantage
• Hydraulic pressure & force
• Brake fade
• Regenerative braking
•  

Drum & disc brakes

Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes, expanding against the inside of the drum.
With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clamped between 2 brake pads.
On light vehicles, both of these systems are hydraulically operated. The brake pedal operates a master cylinder. Hydraulic lines and hoses connect the master cylinder to brake cylinders at the wheels.
Most modern light vehicles have either disc brakes on the front wheels and drum brakes on the rear, or, disc brakes on all 4 wheels.
Disc brakes require greater forces to operate them. A brake booster assists the driver by increasing the force applied to the master cylinder, when the brake is operated.
The antilock braking system prevents wheel-lock or skidding, no matter how hard brakes are applied, or how slippery the road surface. Steering stays under control and stopping distances are generally reduced.
It consists of a brake pedal, a master cylinder, wheel speed sensors, the electronic control unit or ECU, and the hydraulic control unit, also called a hydraulic modulator.

Principles of braking

Several factors can influence vehicle braking:

• Road surface,
• Road conditions,
• Weight of the vehicle,
• Load on the wheel during stopping,
• Different maneuvers, and
• The tires on the vehicle.

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : DEMO CAR OF THE YEAR

We have always given great importance to modified cars here at Speedhunters. From the most famous and recognized names in the aftermarket industry to the smallest tuning shops, a great deal of very special cars have been built during the course of 2010.  We've picked the most influential and important demonstration vehicles, cars that have allowed tuners and car builders alike to show off their capabilities to the world. Leave a comment below to let us know which one is your favorite Demo Car of the Year.

CAR FEATURE : 5ZIGEN FD2 CIVIC TYPE-R

If you guys remember, I did a Spotlight on the 5Zigen CL7 Accord Euro-R last year at the Rev Speed Lap Battle. At last week's event I just couldn't take my eyes off the FD2 that 5Zigen showed up with, a car built along the same lines of the CL7 but even faster and with a lot more potential thanks to the more modern chassis.

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : RACE CAR OF THE YEAR

One of the all important categories in the annual Speedhunters Awards is, of course, Race Car of the Year. Before you are the cars we believe are the stand outs from 2010, with the category now including Time Attack. Have your say on which race car was the most influential this year by voting in the comments section!
Kicking things off is Honda's Super GT HSV-010 GT

Emission Control : Obtaining & interpreting scan tool data

Obtaining & interpreting scan tool data

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Retrieve, record and clear stored OBD I & II diagnostic trouble codes using a scan tool.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Emission Control : Checking & cleaning a PCV valve

Checking & cleaning a PCV valve

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Check and clean the PCV valve part of the emission control system.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

Emission Control : On-board diagnostics

• OBD systems
• Diagnostic trouble codes
• Monitoring emissions

OBD systems

On-Board Diagnostic systems use the vehicle’s computers to detect problems with its emission components and other systems. It informs the vehicle operator when a fault occurs and assists the technicians in identifying and repairing malfunctioning circuits.

There are two different types of On Board Diagnostic systems. OBD 1, which operates under manufacturer standards and OBD 2, which operates under a standard set by the Society of Automotive Engineers.

OBD I is a system that identifies faults in the vehicle’s emission and powertrain.

It has been superseded by OBD II, an enhanced On-Board diagnostic system that identifies faults in the vehicle’s emission and powertrain and also tests the vehicles operational system to determine faults that do not affect the vehicles driveability but may affect its safety or emission efficiency.

Both systems provide a common standard that all vehicle manufacturers adhere to. This means that any generic OBD II compatible scan tool can access most vehicle data.

A scan tool is used to access the on-board diagnostic information, and the data link connector allows for the scanner to be connected to the car. This connector is a common size and shape and its location is also standardized, under the driver’s side of the instrument panel.

Emission Control

• Evaporation emission control
• Catalytic conversion
• Closed loop
• Regulated emissions
• Crankcase emission control
• EGR valves
• Controlling air-fuel ratios
• Charcoal storage devices

Evaporation emission control

Early vehicles vented the fuel tank through the filler cap into the atmosphere. Some of the fuel in the tank would vaporize. Some vapors escaped from the filler cap, some from the carburetter.
Non-vented filler caps are designed to stop the exit of vapors. A vacuum relief valve can relieve low pressure in the tank when the temperature drops. This will also stop the tank from collapsing if its internal pressure falls below atmospheric pressure.
The fuel cap may also incorporate a pressure relief valve. If the tank’s internal pressure exceeds the set value of the relief valve, it can stop the tank from rupturing. Some modern caps have no valves at all, and are completely sealed to stop the entry of air and water, as well as the emission of fuel vapor.

Emission Control : Types of emissions

• Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons in exhaust gases
• Oxides of nitrogen
• Particulates
• Carbon monoxide
•  Carbon dioxide
• Sulfur content in fuels

Hydrocarbons

Gasoline, diesel, LP and natural gas are all hydrocarbon compounds.
Hydrocarbon emissions react with other compounds in the atmosphere to produce photo-chemical smog. Hydrocarbons are a major source of motor vehicle emissions.
Gasoline needs to evaporate easily to burn properly in an internal combustion engine. But this property also means it evaporates easily into the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures and pressures.
When a vehicle is being refuelled, hydrocarbon vapors can escape from the filler neck into the atmosphere. When the vehicle is left in the sun, its temperature increases, and fuel evaporates from the tank and, if there is a carburetter, from it as well.
An evaporation control system is fitted to modern vehicles to collect, and store the hydrocarbon vapors from the tank and the carburetter. Then, when conditions are suitable, these vapors are then drawn into the intake manifold, and burned, as part of the combustion process.
In a gasoline-engined vehicle, during an engine cycle, some of the gases escape past the piston rings into the crankcase. This is called blow-by. Some of these blow-by gases mix with heated, vaporized oil and can usually escape out into the atmosphere.
Modern vehicles direct these gases and vapors back through the inlet system to be burned during normal combustion.

Emission Control : Creation of emissions

• Sources of emission
• Combustion
• Combustion chamber design

Sources of emission

The term “emission” normally refers to the pollution produced by a light vehicle during normal use. Emission control systems are designed to limit the pollution caused by the harmful products of storing and burning fuel.
Emissions from a gasoline driven motor vehicle usually come from 4 sources:

• the fuel tank,
• the carburetter or fuel injection system,
• the crankcase,
• and the exhaust system.

The fuel tank and carburetter allow fuel to evaporate and escape to the atmosphere. These are called evaporative emissions.
The crankcase and exhaust system emit pollutants directly from the engine into the atmosphere. They are caused when hydrocarbons, lead compounds, and oxygen and nitrogen from the air, are burned in the combustion chamber.
In a compression-ignition engine, emissions originate from the engine, and escape to the atmosphere from the exhaust, and the crankcase breather.

EFI Engine Management : EFI sensors II >OBD and EOBD

OBD and EOBD

On-Board Diagnostics, or OBD, in an automotive context, is a generic term referring to a vehicle's self-diagnostic capability. If the vehicle's onboard diagnostic system detects a malfunction, a DTC (diagnostic trouble code) corresponding to the malfunction is stored in the vehicle's computer, and in certain cases will illuminate the MIL (malfunction indicator light, or check engine light). A service technician can retrieve the DTC, using a "scan tool", and take appropriate action to resolve the malfunction.
Prior to the advent of digital powertrain control modules which enabled the OBD feature, repairing a vehicle relied solely upon the technician's skill and service literature from the auto manufacturer.

EFI Engine Management : EFI sensors I

• Mass airflow sensor
• Manifold absolute pressure sensor
• Air vortex sensor
• Fuel system sensor
• Temperature sensor
• Throttle position sensor
• Exhaust gas oxygen sensor
• Crank angle sensor
•  Hall effect voltage sensor

Mass airflow sensor

The mass type airflow sensor detects the mass of air flowing into the intake manifold. By measuring the mass of the air, it prevents changes in air density affecting the air-fuel mixture.
The airflow meter has an electrically-heated wire, mounted in the air stream.
A control circuit is linked to the wire, and current is supplied to the wire to keep its temperature constant. The higher the airflow, the more the temperature of the wire falls - and the higher the current needed in the wire to keep its temperature constant. So how this current varies is a measure of what is happening to the air flow.
Current flow variation is then read as an output voltage, and converted by the ECU to an intake air signal. This determines the basic fuel quantity needed for injector pulse duration. The airflow meter can have a self-cleaning function that burns dust and other contaminants from the hot wire. This is done by the control unit heating the wire to 1000°Celsius or 1,832°Fahrenheit for approximately 1 second. This happens 5 to 10 seconds after the ignition is switched off. This function operates only when certain conditions have been met. For this vehicle, the engine must have reached operating temperature, and the vehicle must have been travelling above 10 kilometres an hour or above 6.2 miles per hour.
In some types of sensors, the hot wire is mounted in a sub passage connected to the main passage. This allows maximum airflow through the main passage. The hot wire may be sealed in a glass envelope. This protects the wire, and eliminates the need for burn-off.
In others, the heating element is a ceramic plate.

EFI Engine Management : EFI operation

• Modes of EFI
• Electronic fuel injection
• Idle speed control systems
• Feedback & looping
• Cold start systems
• Air measurement
• Air-flow monitoring
• Variable intake manifold system
• Electrical functions
• EFI wiring diagram

Modes of EFI

Sequential


Non-sequential

A mode of injection describes the timing, and the sequence, of injecting fuel.
Simultaneous injection means, every injector opens at the same time. Fuel sprays into each intake port, where it stays, until the inlet valve opens. During each engine cycle, the injectors open twice, and each time they deliver half the fuel needs of each cylinder. This happens regardless of the position of the intake valve. The injectors are triggered by the ignition system. So, for a 6-cylinder engine, the control unit triggers the injectors on every third ignition pulse.

Diesel Fuel Systems : Diesel electronic control

• Diesel electronic control systems
• Common rail diesel injection system
• HEUI diesel injection system

Diesel electronic control systems

Diesel engines are subject to very high stresses during compression and ignition, and increasingly stringent emission standards have made better control of the diesel combustion process necessary.
Electronic controlled diesel systems give very precise control of the fuel injection and combustion process. Electronic controls have delivered other benefits besides a reduction in fuel consumption and emissions, such as an increase in power and torque; improved engine responsiveness; a reduction in engine noise and diesel knock; and improved and expanded diagnostic capabilities through the use of scan tools.
Diesel electronic control systems monitor and control many variables, including:

Diesel Fuel Systems : Diesel fuel system components

• Diesel tanks & lines
• Diesel fuel filters
• Lift pump
• Plunger pump
• Priming pump
• Inline injection pump
• Mechanical or pneumatic governors
• Distributor-type injection pump
• Diesel injectors
• Glow plugs
• Cummins & Detroit Diesel injection

Diesel tanks & lines

The fuel tank stores fuel in a convenient location, away from the engine. It is commonly made of steel or aluminum. Baffles ensure the pickup tube is always submerged in fuel. This stops air entering the system. The inside of the tank can be treated to prevent rust. Galvanizing must never be used, because diesel fuel, reacts with zinc to produce powdery flakes that can block fuel filters.
A diesel fuel tank should be kept full, to prevent water condensing on tank surfaces and contaminating the fuel.

Virgin Racing reveal details of the VR-01

The new Virgin Racing team, one of four new entrants to the 2010 FIA Formula One World Championship, have published details of their debut race car - the Cosworth-powered VR-01, which has been designed entirely in the digital domain using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). The black and red liveried car, which will be raced by Timo Glock and Lucas di Grassi, was launched online on Wednesday and will begin a two-day shakedown test at Silverstone on Thursday.

Heavy Duty Electric Truck

Today's video isn't new, but I thought since we were on the subject of electric cars this past week I'd present this Web clip about an all-electric heavy-duty truck--a project vehicle commissioned by the Port of Los Angeles and the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD).

Heavy duty electric land vehicles

Abstract:
There are about 250 manufacturers of heavy industrial vehicles worldwide but most do not make EVs. Between them they will make about 700,000 of these vehicles in 2010. Most participants have under $20 million sales yearly. Mid-sized companies have largely vanished in line with marketing theory for maturing markets. This industry was characterised by a dash for market leadership as the market matured, with frequent purchases of competitors. Many participants seek global reach with manufacturing in major markets. Some promote a global brand to support this. Others diffuse their image over many brand names and even have competing subsidiaries. Some specialise in the largest or the smallest machines, in ICE or EV power. By 2015, the demand for heavy industrial electric vehicles will be comparable to that for light industrial/commercial electric vehicles as shown below.

By Dr Peter Harrop, IDTechEx

Heavy duty electric land vehicles

Cambridge, MA | Posted on October 25th, 2010Global market value for heavy industrial electric vehicles vs light industrial/commercial electric vehicles in 2015

Source IDTechEx report, "Electric Vehicles 2010-2020"

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : BEST RAT

For the next category in the 2010 Speedhunters Awards, it's time to look at rat car of the year.
Now, what makes a car a rat? It's hard to define, but you know it when you see it. We've assembled a group of vehicles here that might be a bit rough around the edges, but all of them are overflowing with character.
The nominees are -

SPEEDHUNTERS AWARDS 2010 : BEST STREET DRIFT CAR

Now for one the of the biggest, and what's sure to be one of the most hotly contested categories of the 2010 Speedhunters Awards, Best Street Drift Car.
There's a massive selection of street legal and grassroots level drift cars from around the globe, so take a long a hard look and make your choice.

CAR SPOTLIGHT : HASEMI SKYLINE SUPER SILHOUETTE

While rushing around frantically trying to cover the Nismo Festival a couple of weekends back I decided it would be cool to dedicate a little extra space to one of the many historical race cars that were sitting in the pits. As ever, I found myself drawn to the Hasemi Motorpsort DR30 Skyline that participated in the Japanese Super Silhouette series in the early eighties, a car built to FIA Group 5 regulations and sporting the usual wild look that all cars in this class boasted.

Great Potential

From coast to coast state governments are working aggressively to advance alternative fuel and advanced vehicle technologies.  Recently the Philadelphia Inquirer reported on grant announcements made by Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell. $8 million will go toward electric vehicles (EV), charging stations, compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling, taxis, and buses, and municipal and school biodiesel dollars.  The California Energy Commission is at it again, too, having awarded over $1 million to Wrightspeed’s EV manufacturing plant.  The PR NewsWire announcement says development of Digital DriveSystem retrofit kits for medium-duty fleet trucks will mean job creation for the San Jose based company

Balqon Introduces Zero Emissions Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles and Drive Systems to Costa Rica

HARBOR CITY, CA--(Marketwire - June 9, 2010) -  Balqon Corporation (OTCBB: BLQN), a developer and manufacturer of zero emissions heavy-duty electric vehicles for Class 7 and Class 8 applications, has introduced its vehicles and drive systems to the Republic of Costa Rica through a new dealer agreement with Electric Cars of Costa Rica S.A.
As a leading distributor of electric cars, neighborhood electric vehicles (NEV) and light duty on-road trucks in Costa Rica, Electric Cars of Costa Rica will distribute Balqon's medium and heavy-duty electric vehicles and drive systems, and provide service and parts throughout Costa Rica.
"Costa Rica has been setting the pace among nations for reducing carbon emissions and has declared the ambitious goal of becoming the first country in the world to be carbon neutral," said Balwinder Samra, president and CEO of Balqon Corporation. "Electric Cars of Costa Rica has been leading the effort to introduce new zero emissions technologies to Costa Rica and has extensive experience in NEV inner city delivery vehicle markets."

The fastest cars in North America

 The fastest cars in North America

 Faster Than 200 MPH

Whether you're behind the wheel of an outrageous sports car this holiday season or, like most of us, find yourself sprinting to find the shortest check-out aisle, chances are good you'll come to appreciate the importance of having the quickest top speed. Like little kids drawn to a toy store's display window, car enthusiasts of all ages are always drawn to the sparkling sheet metal and snarling engines of the world's fastest cars.

For this first round of flat-out speed demons, we've drawn up a list of the six fastest cars sold in North America. The rules are few, which seems only right when discussing cars built to breach 200 mph. All have to be street-legal, sold in the U.S., and available from a mainstream manufacturer. This meant excluding some pretty amazing vehicles, like the Hennessey Venom GT and Callaway SC606, along with exciting upstarts like the German-built Gumpert Apollo supercar. We'll get to these, and more, in a future story.

Choosing a winner was easy, since nothing short of a jet fighter delivers the performance of the top-speed champion in this list. Yet, more amazing is the fact that almost all the cars listed could be driven on a daily basis ñ even if doing so would probably make you the most generous contributor to your local Police Athletic League.

2011 Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport - 268 mph

Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport

You can do a lot of things with $10,075. But if you want to own the $2.7 million Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport, currently the fastest car in the world, that's about the price you'll pay for every mile-per-hour the car is capable of. The Veyron's astounding price tag is matched only by its outrageous top speed, a fully-documented and verified 268 mph. The 1,200-hp French-built Bugatti set the new standard in supercar bragging rights last summer, at the sprawling Ehra-Lessien test facility owned by the firm's parent company, Volkswagen. The Veyron Super Sport features larger turbochargers and intercoolers fitted to the quad-turbo W-16 engine. Additional bracing, extra cooling ducts and special aerodynamics are fitted to the Super Sport, so that safety and stability are not sacrificed for top speed.

6 Hot New Electric Cars for 2011

Analysts predict many of us will be driving electric vehicles in the near future. Much anticipated models are coming from Nissan, Ford, Chevy, Fisker .

Nissan Leaf
The electrics are coming! By the end of the year, at least six battery-powered vehicles will be on the U.S. market. The cars will finally go from revolving on show stands to dealer floors, and we'll finally know if consumers mean it when they say in opinion polls that they'll consider an EV for their next purchase. Most of these cars will charge in five or six hours on 220-volt home current, and overnight on 110. Fifteen-minute fast charging (480 volts) may be available at some public stations, maybe even at your favorite big-box store.
Here's a rundown of the cars headed for showrooms, some from major manufacturers and others from ambitious startups. Four are battery-only cars, one is a plug-in hybrid and the sixth (the Chevrolet Volt) is a unique combination of the two:

"This is the new paradigm of the car, and it will change our industry," said Carlos Ghosn, the chairman of Nissan, introducing the battery-powered Leaf in Los Angeles. "It will also change the way people use and power their vehicles."
The Leaf, an all-new design, has a range of 100 miles on a single charge of its lithium-ion batteries. Nissan is unique among carmakers in also partnering with charging companies and municipalities to make sure the Leaf will have public places to plug in. Even though the car hasn't been priced yet (it could be $23,000, plus batteries), 25,000 "handraisers" have said they're willing to buy one. I drove a "mule" version of the Leaf, and found it great fun -- the electric motor gives it great performance right off the line. Available at the end of the year at a Nissan dealership near you.

6 Hottest Green Cars at the Paris Auto Show

Jaguar C-X75

Jaguar C-X75

Renault DeZir

Kia Pop

Kia Pop

Honda Jazz Hybrid

Audi e-tron Spyder

Audi e-tron Spyder

This range-extended electric supercar goes from 0 to 60 mph in 3.4 seconds, climbs up to 205 mph, and features 780 horsepower and 1,187 pound-feet of torque. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Renault DeZir

Kia Pop

Kia Pop

Honda Jazz Hybrid

Audi e-tron Spyder

Audi e-tron Spyder

This range-extended electric supercar goes from 0 to 60 mph in 3.4 seconds, climbs up to 205 mph, and features 780 horsepower and 1,187 pound-feet of torque.

Jaguar's supercar can also go 68 miles on pure electric power before twin micro gas turbines jump in and extend the vehicle's range to 560 miles. Don't get too excited, though--the C-X75 is still a concept.

Detroit Auto Show 2010 - Hottest, Top, Electric Cars

The Detroit Auto Show 2010 has managed to draw a lot of attention from auto lovers. The Auto Show 2010 has over 700 vehicles which are displayed from major auto manufacturers like GM, Ford, Toyota, Mercedes and many

Ford Focus will be seen in the US market from early 2011 as a 2012 model. The aerodynamic focus will have a new 2 liter 4 cylinder engine and will get 40 mpg on the highway. The Ford Focus price is expected to be competitive with the Honda Civic.

Diesel Fuel Systems : Clean diesel technology

Clean diesel technology

VW started the light-duty diesel revival with its modern 1.9 liter 4 cylinder turbo-diesel direct injection (TDI) engine, used here in the Golf. Also shown: Dodge Ram with Cummins 24 valve diesel; Ford HEUI Powerstroke; and GMC Duramax 6.6 V8 applications.

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Clean Diesels?” You may think we’re joking, but diesel engine manufacturers have been working overtime to clean up the “dirtystinkynoisy” perception of diesels over the last few years; and market acceptance of light duty diesel vehicles is picking up. Fact is, diesel OEs (original equipment manufacturers) in the U.S. and Europe are predicting a diesel “mega-boom.”
Here in the U.S., sporty diesel pickups and SUVs are more and more seen fueling up alongside medium and heavy diesels. Why? Because today’s diesel vehicles are quieter, more powerful and less offensive, thanks to the electronics needed to meet stricter EPA standards.
While petroleum-diesel fuel is not considered an alternate fuel (as is synthetic or bio-based diesel fuel), it is getting cleaner. Dual-fuel diesels are using alternate fuels like natural gas for even lower overall emissions. In Europe, seven out of 10 luxury cars are now diesel powered, and new diesel passenger car sales are reportedly near 40 percent; by 2010 they’ll reach 50 percent.¹
The growing popularity of light diesel trucks in the U.S. is forecasted to continue with diesel powered vans & SUVs. Diesel automobiles are also making a comeback. Second-generation “refined power” diesel engines with greater efficiency and improved overall performance are part of the reason. Diesel engines for light duty hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) developed both by Ford and DiamlerChrysler for the ill-fated Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) have achieved upwards of 70 mpg. No doubt engines like these will find their way into production vehicles.

Diesel Fuel Systems

• Diesel fuel injection
• High pressure components
• Diesel fuel
• Diesel fuel characteristics
• Cetane number

Diesel fuel injection

All diesel engines draw air only, past the intake valve into the cylinder. A high-pressure fuel-injection system injects fuel into the cylinder. The amount of fuel injected is varied to suit the load on the engine, and to control engine speed. Intake air volume does not change.
In a basic diesel fuel system, a fuel tank holds the diesel fuel. A lift pump takes fuel from the tank. It keeps the injection pump full of fuel. A sedimenter removes any water, and larger particles in the fuel. A fuel filter removes minute particles. An injection pump delivers fuel under very high pressure to the injectors, along injector pipes. It must send the correct amount of fuel, and it must send it at the correct time in the engine cycle. An injector, at each cylinder, sprays fuel into each combustion chamber. Leak-off pipes take fuel used for cooling, and for lubrication, from the injection pump and injectors back to the tank. They also help to remove air from the system. A governor controls engine speed. And a control lever on the governor is connected to the accelerator pedal.
The basic system is divided into 2 sections. This is the low-pressure side.
The low-pressure side cleans the fuel and delivers it to the high-pressure side, or fuel injection system. Dirt and water will damage a diesel fuel injection system. The highly polished components need a very efficient filtration system to ensure all traces of dirt and water are removed.
The highly-polished finish is achieved by lapping 2 components together to form a matched set. Matched components must not be interchanged after lapping is completed.
The high-pressure side of fuel injection system must raise the pressure of the fuel high enough to open an injector. This allows the fuel to be forced into the combustion chamber at the correct time.

Fuel system procedures : Replacing a fuel filter

Replacing a fuel filter

Part 1. Preparation and safety

Objective

• Remove and replace a fuel filter.

Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include:

• Work clothing - such as coveralls and steel-capped footwear
• Eye protection - such as safety glasses and face masks
• Ear protection - such as earmuffs and earplugs
• Hand protection – such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
• Respiratory equipment – such as face masks and valved respirators

EFI fuel supply system - components

• Fuel filters
• Tanks & lines
• Fuel lines
• Fuel rail
• Fuel pressure regulator
• Injectors
• Tachometric relay
• Thermotime switch
• EFI sensors
• Potentiometer
• Auxiliary air valves
•  Idle speed control devices
• Inertia sensors

Fuel filters

It is very important to supply clean fuel to the fuel rail in EFI systems. Small particles of dirt can block an injection nozzle and cause an irregular spray pattern.
Any water in the fuel will corrode the inside of the injector - especially if the engine stands unused for long periods.
The first filtering occurs with a strainer or fine gauze in the fuel tank.
The next time filtering occurs at the in-line filter, on the high-pressure side of the pump. This is a large-capacity filter encased, in a steel shell or an aluminium housing. This housing must be rigid, to withstand the high pressures in the system.
The filter is a pleated paper type with pore size of about 10 microns. A fluted support plate keeps the filter stable in the housing. The filter is directional, and it must be fitted in the direction of fuel flow.
Final filtering occurs with a small conical filter at the fuel entry to the injector

EFI fuel supply components : Fuel pumps

• Fuel pumps

• Electric fuel pumps

• Mechanical fuel pumps

Fuel pumps

In an electronic fuel-injected engine, the fuel for the injectors must be pressurized before the engine can be started, so an electric fuel pump is necessary.
An electric rotary pump can be located in the tank, or externally, on the underside of the body.
Gasoline enters at one end and leaves at the other, so it is always full. This lubricates the pump motor and keeps it cool. The pumping element is a roller-cell device driven by an electric motor. A rotor disc is mounted eccentrically in the pump housing. It has recesses around its edge, containing metal rollers. As the disc rotates, centrifugal force pushes them outward. This forms a rotating seal, and fuel is carried round in the cavities formed between the rollers. Because of the eccentric mounting of the disc, these cavities expand as they pass the inlet, and contract passing the outlet. This pressurizes the fuel and forces it into the fuel line.
The pump can also be an impeller type, which is less noisy.
For a short time after an engine is switched off, engine temperature keeps rising, and that can cause excess vapor in the fuel lines. This pump stops this, with a non-return valve on its outlet, which maintains the pressure in the fuel line during that short time.
If a fuel blockage occurs further along the fuel line, it can overload the pump motor, and make it overheat. So a high-pressure relief valve inside the pump lets fuel keep circulating.
When the pump is mounted externally, a low-pressure pump can be used to supply fuel to the main pump’s inlet. This low-pressure pump is mounted in the fuel tank. It’s a centrifugal type, and electrical, and it operates in the same way as the other high-pressure pump.

EFI fuel supply : Simultaneous injection / Efficient combustion

• Simultaneous injection

• Efficient combustion

Simultaneous injection

In multi-point injection, the injectors can all be triggered at the same time. This is called simultaneous injection, and the injectors operate twice per cycle. That’s once each crankshaft revolution, each time delivering half the fuel for the cycle.
In a 6-cylinder engine, the injectors are triggered on every third ignition pulse.
In throttle-body systems, the central injector is normally triggered on every ignition pulse. However, if there are 2 injectors, alternate triggering may be used.
At idling speeds, the frequency may be less, to provide finer control.
The actual operating time of the injectors depends very much on battery voltage. The response time to lift the injector needle to the fully-open position is about 1 millisecond. If battery voltage is low, this response time takes longer, and the engine receives less fuel.
The ECU can compensate for this delay in opening time by extending the duration of the injection pulse.
In more sophisticated engine management systems, the control unit can control additional functions such as ignition timing, injection modes, idle speed, cooling fans, and fuel pump operation. To do this however, more inputs are needed.
To control ignition timing, some systems replace the distributor with a direct-fire ignition system. Between one ignition point, and the next, the ECU calculates when the ignition point will occur. It then triggers the ignition accordingly.

EFI fuel supply : Multi-point injection systems

Multi-point injection systems

In multi-point injection systems, the fuel pressure regulator has an inlet connection from the fuel rail, and an outlet that lets fuel return to the tank.
A control diaphragm and pressure spring determines the exposed opening of the outlet, and the amount of fuel that can return. So the strength of the pressure spring determines fuel pressure in the fuel rail, and keeps it at a fixed value.

EFI fuel supply : Modes of operation

EFI modes of operation

Indirect injection

Typical gasoline engines are usually equipped with indirect injection systems. They may be single point where the fuel is injected using one nozzle, usually in the throttle housing, or multi point where each cylinder has its own injector in the intake manifold. The nozzles may be opened using the pressure in the fuel system or there may be a solenoid on the injector that will pulse it open and closed in a duty cycle according to the desired fuel requirement.
Throttle-body injection
Electronic throttle-body injection (normally called TBI, though Ford Motor Company used the abbreviation, CFI) was introduced in the early 1980s as a transition technology to fully-electronic port injection. The system injects fuel into the throttle-body (a wet system), so fuel can condense and cling to the walls of the intake system. This system also resulted in harming emissions. Computer-controlled TBI was inexpensive and simple, however, and lasted well into the 1990s.
Central port injection
General Motors developed a new "in-between" technique called central port injection or CPI. It uses tubes from a central injector to spray fuel at the intake port rather than the throttle-body (it is a dry system). However, fuel is continuously injected to all ports simultaneously, which is less than optimal.
Sequential central point injection
GM refined the CPI system into a sequential central port injection (SCPI) system in the mid-1990s. It used valves to meter the fuel to just the cylinders that were in the intake phase. This worked well on paper, but the valves had a tendency to stick. Fuel injector cleaners sometimes worked, but the system remained problematic.

EFI fuel supply : Air supply ,Air volume

• Air supply
• Air volume

Air supply

In multi-point injection systems, the air required for the combustion of the fuel is led from the air filter, through the throttle valve, and into the common manifold, or plenum chamber. From here, individual intake runners, or pipes, branch off to each cylinder. All of these pipes are of equal length.
The design of the intake system determines how large an air mass can be drawn into a cylinder at any given engine RPM. This is where most advantage can be taken of electronic fuel injection, since it can achieve exactly uniform distribution of the air delivered to the cylinders.
With unobstructed passages to each cylinder, the cylinder fills with air as efficiently as possible. The breathing of the engine, or its volumetric efficiency, is improved. The more air crammed into the cylinder, the denser the air-fuel mixture, when ignition occurs.
This increases the thrust on the piston, and increases engine power output too.
The temperature of the air influences how dense the air-fuel mixture will be. Cold air is denser than hot air, so it has a greater mass in any given volume.
This is why, on most intake systems, the air entry to the intake is away from engine heat - to ensure the entry of cool air.
Since the manifold carries air only, it doesn’t need to be heated by coolant. Filtered air arrives at the intake port, as cold and dense as possible, ready for mixing with the fuel from the injector

EFI principles

Fuel injection is a technology used in internal combustion engines to mix the fuel with air prior to combustion.
As in a traditional carburetor, fuel is converted to a fine spray and mixed with air. However, where a traditional carburetor forces the incoming air through a venturi to pull the fuel into the air stream, a fuel injection system forces the fuel through nozzles under pressure to inject the fuel into the air stream without requiring a venturi.

EFI development

Frederick William Lanchester joined the Forward Gas Engine Company Birmingham, England in 1889. He carried out what was possibly the earliest experiments with fuel injection.
Indirect fuel injection has been used in diesel engines since the mid 1920s, almost from their introduction (due to the higher energy required for diesel to evaporate). The concept was adapted for use in petrol-powered aircraft during World War II, and direct injection was employed in some notable designs like the Daimler-Benz DB 603 and later versions of the Wright R-3350 used in the B-29 Superfortress.
An injection system developed by Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch was first used in an automobile in 1955 with the introduction of the Mercedes-Benz 300SL. An electronic fuel injection system was also developed by the Bendix Corporation.

Basic EFI principles

Because of the need to comply with exhaust emission regulations, the modern gasoline engine requires a fuel system of extreme accuracy and long-term reliability. A correctly matched air-fuel ratio must be available at all times, and under all conditions. This is satisfactorily achieved by electronic fuel injection.
EFI is a pressurized, indirect-injection system, which uses solenoid-operated injectors with a fixed orifice. When they are energized, fuel passes through the injector body.
This arrangement is called a multi-point system. One injector is located in each intake manifold runner, or pipe, adjacent to each cylinder.

Carbureted system components

• The carburetor
• Mechanical fuel pumps
• Electric fuel pumps
• Tanks & lines
• Fuel lines
• Charcoal canister
• Carburetor filters

The carburetor

The carburetor supplies the engine with the correct air-fuel mixture for all conditions of operation.

• It atomizes the fuel and mixes it with air.
• It controls the delivery of this correct mixture to the engine.

Carburetors come in different designs.
This is a basic downdraft carburetor, with a fixed-size venturi. Fuel is pumped to the float bowl where a float and a needle valve control its level. The float bowl is open to the atmosphere. The barrel of the carburetor has an air horn and a venturi. A throttle valve below the venturi is linked to the accelerator pedal. Its action allows airflow into the carburetor barrel.

Carburetor operation

• Carburation
• Carburetor operation overview
• Carburetor systems
• Metering jets
• Accelerating
• Carburetor barrels

Carburation

This section looks at the basic principles of carburetors and carbureted systems.
The carburetor (American English; carburettor or carburetter in Commonwealth countries, "carb" for short) is a device which mixes air and fuel for an internal-combustion engine.
Carburetors are still found in small engines and in older or specialized automobiles such as those designed for stock car racing. However, most cars built since the early 1980s use computerized electronic fuel injection instead of carburetion.

Gasoline fuel system principles

• Gasoline fuel
• Gasoline fuel characteristics
• Controlling fuel burn
• Stoichiometric ratio
• Air density
• Fuel supply system
• Pressure & vacuum

Gasoline fuel

Petroleum or crude oil is taken out of the ground as a mix of impurities and highly flammable compounds of hydrogen and carbon, called hydrocarbons.
It is processed into many products, including petrol/gasoline and diesel fuel.
Gasoline is used in different forms in different engines.
It is very volatile, mixing easily with air to form gas or vapor. The more effectively liquid gasoline is changed into vapor, the more efficiently it burns in the engine, so high volatility is desirable.
And if liquid gasoline is heated, it is even more volatile.
However, if it vaporizes in the fuel line, bubbles of vapor can block the flow of fuel and stop the engine. This is called vapor lock.

Fuel & battery technology : Electric motors .Biodiesel

• Electric motors

• Biodiesel

 

Electric motors

Vehicles that include electric drive motors have many advantages over the traditional vehicle. Lower noise and gas emissions are among the major benefits.
While other benefits include, fewer moving parts, less maintenance requirements and, increased reliability.
Power for the electric drive motor is obtained from either rechargeable storage batteries or a generator via an electrical inverter/converter.
The most popular types of electric motors used are brushless, multi-phase, synchronous and permanent magnet motors.
The meanings of these terms are:

• Brushless: Brushes and commutators are not used
• Multi-phase:The stator contains more than one winding, usually three
• Synchronous: The speed of the rotor is synchronized to the frequency of current flowing through the stator windings. This design maintains excellent power and efficiency characteristics even at low speeds
• Permanent Magnet:The rotor is made from very powerful rare earth permanent magnet alloys. Typically neodymium-iron-boron or samarium-cobalt.

Fuel & battery technology : The Race to Hydrogen

The Race to Hydrogen – Who’s Winning?

In his 2003 State of the Union Address, President Bush announced that hydrogen would be America’s alternative energy source for the future, and he challenged Congress to appropriate funding for research and development to get the USA there. Like a lightening rod, his announcement electrified the alternate fuels community and charted a course amid otherwise uncertain energy times. With unreliable petroleum imports now topping 65 percent, OEMs are competing in the race to put sustainable hydrogen-powered vehicles on the streets.
People are asking how soon we’ll see hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles, and, more immediately, how do we make the transition from gasoline engines (ICE’s) to fuel cells? It is taking a variety of alternate fuels to usher in the hydrogen economy, making the outlook for these fuels no less promising than for hydrogen. For example, both natural gas pipelines and ethanol’s fledgling distribution infrastructure will serve us. Liquid ethanol (and also methanol) is a good “energy carrier” for storing, transporting and reforming to hydrogen.
Electricity, the cleanest alternative, is obviously used in both gasoline-electric hybrids and fuel cell vehicles and is used for electrolyzing water into hydrogen.
Let’s take a closer look at some of these alternate fuels and vehicles in the context of who’s competing and winning in the race to hydrogen.

Fuel & battery technology : Hydrogen

Hydrogen

A Hydrogen Infrastructure

How and where will motorists be able to find a hydrogen “gas” station?
Options include:

1. Produce gaseous hydrogen (H2) or liquefied hydrogen (called LH2) fuel from hydrogen-rich materials (feedstocks) off-board at centralized locations or at the refueling site; store pure gaseous or liquefied hydrogen on-board the vehicle
2. Ship hydrogen-rich feedstock(s) to refueling sites; store feedstock(s) on-board the vehicle for use in a “reformer” to extract hydrogen fuel as needed
3. Ship/store pure hydrogen onboard within a variety of nonconventional media

To avoid contamination, most fuel cell stacks must use pure hydrogen. Delivering pure hydrogen (option a) requires an entirely new hydrogen infrastructure. Presently, 95% of hydrogen is extracted by industry from natural gas (CH4) through steam “reforming” (or other means) for private use. For vehicle use, hydrogen could be similarly produced and shipped using pipelines, railcars and trucks for storage in high-pressure tanks at refueling sites. Already, several private pure-hydrogen producing/dispensing “gas stations” have been built. As with natural gas, gaseous hydrogen can be compressed and stored for fast-fill or timed-fill dispensing.

Alternate Fuel Systems : Propane

Propane

If you’re a technician from the Southwest U.S., chances are you already know about propanepowered vehicles and equipment. But if you’re in the automotive profession and are not yet familiar with propane vehicles, read on. In this article we’ll explain the basics of liquified petroleum gas (LPG), or more simply “propane,” and of propane-powered vehicles. Hopefully, you’ll come to appreciate the relative safety, economy, and clean performance gaseous propane offers.

Propane tank pressure rises rapidly as tank temperature increases. Tank pressure feeds propane to the carburetor; injection systems require a fuel pump. (Data courtesy NAFTP)

 

Overview

Farmers and construction outfits have used propane trucks, tractors, and other equipment since the ’20s and ’30s, and many automotive techs are somewhat familiar with propane. In the ’70s, some OEs called for making “propane enrichment” carburetor adjustments; and we routinely use propane to find elusive vacuum leaks or to check fuel mixture problems. Propane motorfuel is used widely overseas, and here in the U.S. an estimated 270,000 propane-powered vehicles are on the road. Non-road propane “industrial trucks” (forklifts, tugs, etc.) amount to another 395,000 … that’s a lot of vehicles!

Alternate Fuel Systems : Fuel cell vehicles

Fuel cell vehicles
 

Ford’s Focus FC-5 sedan is fueled with methanol.
It’s a 2000 model prototype FCV.

GM’s HydroGen I is a good example of a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle. It runs on liquefied (cryogenic) hydrogen and the emits only water and oxygen.

While running a vehicle on water may have seemed the stuff of folklore a few years ago (remember rumors of the elusive “water carburetor?”), it’s now a reality thanks to the hydrogen fuel cell electric engine. If you want to know more about how hydrogen fuel and fuel cell powered vehicles will change our transportation landscape, read on.
The fuel cell “engine” runs on pure hydrogen, perhaps the most abundant element on earth, and oxygen. What’s more, hydrogen has “three times the energy content per pound as either gasoline or diesel fuel”, and has “71% less greenhouse gas emissions per unity energy over the whole fuel cycle relative to gasoline”¹. The fuel cell itself emits no pollutants.